The LIBRORUM Ontology

abstract presentation grammar en · grammaire de présentation abstraite fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AbstractPresentationGrammar

The relational, value-free rules in force for one book stating how each kind of unit is set apart when the book is presented to a sense. Kinds: visual, sounding, tactile. 'Different speaker for the dialogue' (sounding), 'smaller than the main text' (visual), 'emphasis marked by an indicator' (tactile).

Named 'presentation' grammar rather than bare 'grammar' because the grammar of the language is already a judged property of the linguistic book (:Grammaticality).

abstract tactile grammar en · grammaire tactile abstraite fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AbstractTactileGrammar

The rules in force for one braille book stating how each kind of unit is set apart to the touch: emphasis by indicator cells (braille has no italic), headings by centring and indentation, print page numbers indicated so that references by page still agree.

annotating element en · élément d'annotation fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AnnotatingElement

A peritext element that is about a stretch or a point of the text (:annotates) and is optional reading: notes, contents entries, and later index entries. It needs no callout: trade-book endnotes anchored by page and lemma have none, nor do contents entries, gathered like endnotes far from their scope (v0.6.6, after Haralambous).

back matter / end matter en · annexes fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BackPart

Acknowledgments, appendices, chronology, abbreviations, glossary, notes, bibliography/references, list of contributors, illustration credits, indexes, about the author; today errata usually move online.

text / body matter en · corps du texte fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BodyPart

caption en · légende fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Caption

The text attached to an illustration or a table: as a rule its label and number ('Figure 3.', 'Table 2.'), a title, and a legend explaining it. Part of the item and annotating it (:annotates), so that an annotating element is itself annotated. Whether it stands above or below the item is the visual grammar's (:AboveAnnotatedElement, :BelowAnnotatedElement: tables usually above, illustrations below). A short form of it is quoted in the list of illustrations or of tables.

chance resolution en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ChanceResolution

CLOSED vocabulary: when chance is drawn. :ResolvedInProduction (once, by the typesetter or the program, the same in every copy), :ResolvedPerCopy (each printed copy differs), :ResolvedPerDisplay (each display differs: the form is never fixed, cf. :formFixedAt).

chapter en · chapitre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Chapter

chapter display en · tête de chapitre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ChapterDisplay

The opening apparatus of a chapter: chapter number, chapter title, optional chapter epigraph; in multi-author books, the chapter author.

character list (dramatis personae) en · liste des personnages fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/CharacterListElement

List of a work's persons, invented by early printers of vernacular drama (1510s-20s, often on title pages, sometimes with role-doubling instructions) and migrated to dialogues and novels (Richardson's Grandison among the earliest novelistic instances); orders precedence and relation, casting the reader as audience.

Admitted against Genette, who dismisses character lists as 'little more than announcements' (Paratexts, p. 399); Book Parts ch. 10 demonstrates they help a text become a book. Frequently printer-made, not authorial: pair with :SenderRole.

concrete presentation grammar en · grammaire de présentation concrète fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ConcretePresentationGrammar

The effective values of one rendition in one modality: sizes and fonts, voices and rates, cells per line and lines per page.

concrete sounding grammar en · grammaire sonore concrète fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ConcreteSoundingGrammar

The values of one sounding rendition: which voice reads what, rate, pitch, length of pauses (CSS Speech: voice-family, pause-before, cue; SSML prosody).

concrete tactile grammar en · grammaire tactile concrète fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ConcreteTactileGrammar

The values of one braille rendition: cells per line, lines per page, interpoint or single-sided, the translator's format options.

contents entry en · entrée de table des matières fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ContentsEntry

An entry of a table of contents: an annotating element whose scope is a division (:annotates) and whose content is usually a title reference and a page reference to it (by title, by page), joined by leaders. Mostly computed from the divisions, it adds content of its own when it gives a title to an untitled chapter or amplifies one (Genette 1997, p. 317).

deictic reference en · renvoi déictique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DeicticReference

A reference whose referent is the place where it itself stands: the printed page number ('this page', LaTeX \thepage), the running head's title ('the division this page belongs to', \leftmark). It has no :refersTo; each typeset occurrence takes its value from its own page.

determinative en · déterminatif fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Determinative

A grapheme that is never phonologically realized, serving as readerly metadata for the semantic disambiguation of the word it accompanies (Mesopotamian category marks for persons, places, divinities, materials).

Test case for the graphemics core: a grapheme with no phonological correspondent.

didascalia en · didascalie fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Didascalia

An annotating element of the metatext that says, in plain language, what form a stretch of the text should take: precise or fuzzy, mathematical or poetic ('first ray of rain'; 'take some distance and weaken'; 'verse of type A'). In the linguistic book this is all there is of the form, and what the reader's mind captures by interpretation; it becomes formal in C_cont (where the abstract visual grammar interferes) and geometric in C_form. A copy mark that instructs, a style name, a TEI @rendition, a LaTeX macro encode it.

Ingarden's Nebentext, realized rather than spoken: typesetting is the performance of the book. A didascalia printed in the volume (a preface giving directions, a play's stage directions, Satie's directions in a score) is also a :PeritextElement. Not needed for conventional forms: the conventional set-off of a verse line follows from its kind through the abstract grammar, and a didascalia is written only where the author departs or names a type.

didascalic attestation en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DidascalicAttestation

CLOSED vocabulary: :AttestedDidascalia (written by its source: Mallarmé's instructions on his proofs, his printed 'Observation'), :ReconstructedDidascalia (inferred by an editor from proofs, letters or a printed form: the 2004 reconstruction of the Vollard layout of the Coup de dés).

didascalic judgement en · jugement didascalique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DidascalicJudgement

A judgement that a rendition does or does not follow a didascalia (:judgedProperty :DidascalicConformity, :judgedAgainst the didascalia). Unlike a linguistic judgement it is relative to no language variety.

didascalic mode en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DidascalicMode

CLOSED vocabulary: :Prescriptive, :Descriptive.

didascalic scope en · portée d'une didascalie fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DidascalicScope

The stretch a didascalia directs: either a contiguous span between two locations (:scopeFrom, :scopeTo), or a set of units of any levels (:scopeMember: a word form together with some graphemes, which may cut inside a word form), in the linear order of the text or in an order of their own, total or partial (:ScopePrecedence).

division en · division fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Division

A structural unit of the text: optional introduction, one or more parts, optional conclusion, optional epilogue/afterword.

division title en · titre de division fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DivisionHeader

The title of a division (part, chapter, section), a linguistic unit of the linguistic book and part of the division it titles: it is read, quoted by :ByTitle references (:hasTitleString), and voiced in a sounding book. Genette's intertitle (:Intertitle, equivalent). Its POSITION in the linear order of the text is linguistic, not typographic: the title and its division are in sequence like graphemes, words and sentences, and no visual grammar reorders that sequence; a title after the division's content (:TerminalTitle, Debussy's Préludes, the end-titles of ancient rolls) is one the author wants read last. What the visual grammar decides is only how the title looks and, for elements more loosely connected than the linear order (notes, running heads), where they are placed.

v0.6.6 (after Haralambous): part of its division (was: part of the book), equivalent to :Intertitle, which merged two classes for one thing; :Subhead is a lower-level division title. Being equivalent to :Intertitle, it is also a peritext element in Genette's sense; both sit in the linguistic book.

encoded didascalia en · didascalie encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedDidascalia

A didascalia as the encoded text holds it: a style name ('verse of type A' becomes a paragraph style), a TEI @rend or <rendition>, a LaTeX macro or comment, a Word comment, or a program that carries out a didascalia of chance. Here the abstract visual grammar interferes, and the didascalia becomes formal.

encoded pronunciation en · prononciation encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedPronunciation

A pronunciation written into the encoded text or beside it: an SSML <phoneme alphabet="ipa" ph="...">, an entry of a W3C PLS lexicon, EPUB 3's ssml:ph attribute. Usually absent: the phonemes of an audiobook are computed at synthesis time, as line breaks at typesetting time.

encoded strophe en · strophe encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedStrophe

A strophe as delimited in the encoded text: TEI <lg>, a blank line in a LaTeX verse environment, a paragraph in Word.

encoded verse line en · vers encodé fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedVerseLine

A verse line as a unit of the encoded text: TEI <l>. LaTeX's \\ and HTML's <br> encode only its END, a point standing for the unit, the same lossy point-for-unit encoding as \label; in Word, Enter makes the line a paragraph and Shift+Enter a break.

errata list en · errata fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ErrataListElement

List of correction instructions ('for X read Y') referring to page/line loci of its own carrier; historically as much a rhetorical performance of accuracy as a mechanism of correction (of the 110 faults listed in the 1590 Faerie Queene, nearly half survived into 1596, which added 183 new ones). In digital publication, correction typically leaves no surface trace, dissolving the element.

Formally a sibling of :CatchwordShape: content defined by a cross-locus relation to the carrier's own text; self-referential (an implemented erratum destroys its own rationale), hence SHACL-interesting.

folio (printed page number) en · folio fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/FolioElement

The page number as printed on the pages: one element of the linguistic book, typeset once per page, containing one deictic page reference (:DeicticReference) whose value each page supplies. Its position (head or foot, outer or centred) is set by the visual grammar.

front matter en · pages liminaires fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/FrontPart

Preliminary matter (prelims): half title, series title / list of other works / frontispiece, title page, copyright page, dedication, epigraph, table of contents, lists of illustrations/tables, foreword, preface, acknowledgments, abbreviations, chronology, publisher's/translator's/editor's notes. NB: the introduction belongs to the text, not the front matter (CMOS 1.47).

grapheme en · graphème fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Grapheme

Interface class; the full graphemics/graphetics core is imported from the elementary grapholinguistic ontology of Haralambous. Aligned there, not redefined here.

header cell en · cellule d'en-tête fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/HeaderCell

A cell that heads other cells (:heads): a column head, a row head (stub entry), a spanner over several column heads. A value cell is read with its heads.

hemistich en · hémistiche fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Hemistich

Half of a verse line, a unit only where a tradition makes it one: the two halves of an Arabic verse, set apart on the page with a fleuron between them.

hyphenation (claim) en · coupure (assertion) fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Hyphenation

A claim, attributed to a source, that a word form has given hyphenation points in a given variety: a dictionary entry, an orthography's rules applied to the word, an author's or editor's exception, or the output of a machine hyphenation (Liang's patterns). The written counterpart of :Pronunciation, and dependent on it where hyphenation follows pronunciation (English pres-ent, noun, and pre-sent, verb).

A claim generated by a :MachineHyphenation is what the typesetting process uses; a claim of the norm (not machine-generated) is what :HyphenationLocationShape checks against.

hyphenation point en · point de coupure fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/HyphenationPoint

A location inside a word form, between two of its graphemes, where the word may be broken at the end of a line in a given variety. Not resident in the word form: supplied by a claim (:Hyphenation). Two claims about the same word form name the same point by its offset.

hyphenation regime en · régime de coupure fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/HyphenationRegime

The rules by which the word forms of a variety are hyphenated over a period: by morphemes, by syllables, by pronunciation or by etymology, with minimal fragment lengths where the norm sets them, and with the alterations of spelling at the break where the writing system has them (:breakAlteration). Decreed as part of an orthography (:partOfOrthography; prov:wasGeneratedBy a :Decree), or described by a dictionary or a house style.

illustration en · illustration fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Illustration

A drawing, a photograph, a diagram, a map, a musical example: an annotating element always attached to a scope (:annotates) -- a location (between two paragraphs or inside one), a paragraph, a division or the whole book (a frontispiece) -- and set with respect to it by the abstract visual grammar (:ScopePlacement, :forScope): exactly at its location, at the end of the paragraph, at the head of the next page, on a page of its own... It does not necessarily stand in the linear order of the text, and is not a float: a LaTeX float is one mechanism applying some of these rules. It has a caption (:hasCaption), is usually numbered and referred to by number ('Fig. 3': :ByNumber). Its body is not linguistic: the linguistic book holds the illustration as a unit (its scope, its caption, its number, the references to it), and what it depicts is reached in the observable book by a reading that takes marks as a picture (:perceivesAsPicture); words inside it (labels, a key) are read locally. Having no internal order, it has no point at which the text flow could break it: it is kept whole (:KeptWhole), on one page, across the two pages of an opening (:AcrossOpening, :spansGutter), or on a fold-out (:OnFoldOut).

v0.6.9: renamed from :Figure (after Haralambous, following CMOS's 'illustration'); no longer under :DisplayItem, which is withdrawn. Genette's inventory leaves illustration aside; the class makes illustrations peritext in the ontology's sense (annotating elements), not in his.

entry of a list of illustrations en · entrée de la table des illustrations fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/IllustrationListEntry

An entry of a list of illustrations: an annotating element whose scope is one illustration, holding its number, its caption or a short form of it, and a page reference to it; the counterpart of a :ContentsEntry.

index en · index fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/IndexElement

Alphabetical list of labels with locators; unlike the table of contents (sequential, revealing the text's architecture, attested from antiquity), the index is a random-access device and an invention of the codex era. Two lineages: the word index or concordance (first Bible concordance, Paris Dominicans, begun 1230-1235, completed by 1247) and the subject index (Grosseteste's Tabula distinctionum); digital full-text search inherits from the former, not the latter.

Repairs the ToC/index asymmetry: :TableOfContents existed, the index did not, although Book Parts ch. 20 builds on precisely their contrast.

intertitle en · intertitre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Intertitle

judged linguistic property en · propriété linguistique jugée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/JudgedProperty

A property of linguistic units that the ontology names but whose expectation it cannot state in full, so that it is only ever judged by a source. CLOSED vocabulary, extended only by dated decision: :Lexicality, :OrthographicCorrectness, :MorphotacticWellFormedness, :Grammaticality. Each applies to one kind of unit (:JudgedUnitLevelShape).

judgement en · jugement fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Judgement

A statement, attributed to a source, that something has or lacks a property whose expectation cannot be stated in full, so that it is judged and not checked. Two kinds: linguistic judgements on units of the linguistic book, and didascalic judgements on renditions (v0.6.10).

judgement basis en · référentiel de jugement fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/JudgementBasis

What a judgement is made against: a dictionary (in a given edition), a word list, a descriptive or prescriptive grammar, an orthographic rulebook, a corpus, a trained model. An :Orthography may also serve directly.

linguistic judgement en · jugement linguistique fr · linguistisches Urteil de

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/LinguisticJudgement

A statement, attributed to a source, that a linguistic unit has or lacks a linguistic property (lexicality, orthographic correctness, morphotactic well-formedness, grammaticality) relative to one language variety. The value is boolean (:judgementValue) or graded (:acceptability). The ontology records judgements and does not make them: their expectation is an open competence (a lexicon, a morphology, a grammar) that it does not contain.

Judgements are relative and may disagree: to a variety (:relativeToVariety), to a norm (:judgedAgainst: a dictionary of 2000 or of 2020), to an agent (prov:wasAttributedTo) and to a date (prov:generatedAtTime). A judgement with value false is how a breach of these conventions is recorded (the eye dialect of Keyes, the reversed half of Brown's 'The End'); there is no shape to fail. It is the RESULT of an :InterpretiveAct, never an act itself: a dictionary says something about a form in general, and a judgement about an occurrence exists only once someone or something applies it there; the act is given by prov:wasGeneratedBy when known (the dictionary is the basis, the act the producer). Not to be confused with a :Realization, the other result of interpretive acts: a realization IDENTIFIES (which unit a mark is taken to be; Φ → Λ; relative to a competence; cannot be false), a judgement EVALUATES (whether a Λ unit meets a norm; relative to a stated norm and variety; false = breach). Identification precedes evaluation. Revives, in a cleaner form, the :Attribution retired in v0.5.3.

linguistic unit en · unité linguistique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/LinguisticUnit

Any unit of the linguistic book's mereology, from the grapheme to the book itself, peritext elements included: the range over which references and annotations point to units of any level.

list en · liste fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/List

A unit of the linguistic book made of entries (:ListEntry, :hasEntry) in an order, each entry a block of its own and usually opened by a label (:ListLabel): a superblock. It stands in the linear order of the text, like a paragraph, and is not placed by the visual grammar; what the grammar decides is the cue that sets the entries apart from one another and the list apart from the text before its first entry and after its last (:EntriesSetApart, :SetOffFromRunningText), and how the label stands (:HangingLabel). Lists nest: an entry may hold a list. Part of a division, of the body, of a paragraph (a run-in list), of a peritext element, of an entry or of a table cell.

Linguistic, but locally (after Haralambous): a reader takes in some entries and their relations to the others, never the whole list at once -- as no reader holds a whole book in mind. The table of contents, the index, the errata list and the list of characters are lists (v0.6.8).

list entry en · entrée de liste fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ListEntry

One entry of a list: a block of the list's superblock, opened as a rule by its label (:hasLabel), and holding sentences (often minor, verbless sentences: 'Milk.'), paragraphs, or a nested list.

list label en · étiquette d'entrée (numéro, puce, vedette) fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ListLabel

The sub-block that opens a list entry and says which entry it is or what it is about (:labelKind): a number, a symbol, or a term. A number label is a deictic reference by number: its value is the entry's own position in the list numbering, computed by LaTeX's enumerate as a page number is computed. A symbol label is the same for every entry and means, by convention, 'next entry'. A term label (a dictionary headword, a glossary term, the term of a description list) is the only one with content of its own, and it makes the list consulted rather than read.

list label kind en · type d'étiquette fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ListLabelKind

CLOSED vocabulary: :NumberLabel, :SymbolLabel, :TermLabel.

list of illustrations en · table des illustrations fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ListOfIllustrations

A list whose entries (:IllustrationListEntry) annotate the illustrations of the book, each quoting a number, a caption or its short form, and a page reference, as a table of contents does for divisions.

list of tables en · liste des tableaux fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ListOfTables

A list whose entries (:TableListEntry) annotate the tables of the book, as a list of illustrations does for illustrations.

location en · emplacement fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Location

An immaterial point of the linguistic book, placed between units (:afterUnit, :beforeUnit) at any level -- between two sentences, two word forms, even two graphemes -- without being a unit: it has no content, no extent and no part, and belongs to no unit (no dc:isPartOf). What a reference points to when it names no unit; encoded as a LaTeX \label or a TEI <anchor/>.

The one entity of the linguistic book with no :Realization: no reader perceives it; it is reached only through a reference's value (turn to p. 42) or, on a screen, a link. Its encoded counterpart is an :EncodedLocation, its typeset counterpart a :TypesetAnchor (a PDF named destination: coordinates without ink); the observable corner has none.

metatext element en · élément de métatexte fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/MetatextElement

A unit of the linguistic book that says how the text should be realized rather than being part of what is realized: a didascalia. Metatext names what a unit does, peritext where it is; the two are not disjoint (a printed preface that gives directions is both).

Not Genette's metatextuality (the commentary of one text on another): the metatext here is the work's own direction about its realization, Ingarden's Nebentext.

morpheme en · morphème fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Morpheme

Interface class; the actual morphological segmentation of a word is imported from the hara core. Morpheme membership is a property of grapheme occurrences in a word, not of abstract graphemes — which is why the ligature shape below is an occurrence-level (myph) path-shape.

note en · note fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/NoteElement

Annotation attached to a segment of text; anciently the gloss (p. 320); 16th-c. side/marginal notes migrating to the 18th-c. foot of the page; senders = senders of prefaces (p. 322), with registers of intensity / degrees of obligation to read; extreme cases: Finnegans Wake ch. X noted in both margins and foot; a single note occupying a sixth of Renaud Camus's Échanges.

ornamental break en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/OrnamentalBreak

paragraph en · paragraphe fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Paragraph

v0.5.11: part of a division (a chapter, a part), of the body directly when the book has no divisions, or of a peritext element (a preface); was part of the :Book directly. v0.6.8: also of a list entry or a table cell. dc:isPartOf is not transitive in this ontology, so the chain paragraph ⊑ division ⊑ body ⊑ book is stated level by level.

part en · partie fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Part

A grouping of at least two chapters (CMOS: a part must contain more than one chapter).

peritext element en · élément de péritexte fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/PeritextElement

A paratext element materially appended to the text within the same volume.

v0.5.14: also a unit of the linguistic book (dc:isPartOf :Book, declared in that chapter). Its class is its nature; its look and place are not its own but the visual grammar's. Everything in the volume that is encoded, typeset, governed by a visual grammar or recognized on a page is peritext; paratext is Genette's umbrella, peritext plus epitext.

phoneme en · phonème fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Phoneme

A unit of the spoken modality of a language: the spoken counterpart of the grapheme (:inPhonologicalSystem, :inMorpheme). Interface class: phonology is imported, not redefined. For a book that was written, phonemes are not resident units of the text but are supplied by readings and lexicons (:Pronunciation).

Realized by phones (:Phone) in the sounding book, as graphemes by graphs; encoded by IPA characters (:encodesPhoneme) where a pronunciation is written out.

phonological system en · système phonologique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/PhonologicalSystem

The spoken modality of a language (variety): its inventory of phonemes and their rules. The counterpart of the writing system; one per language variety (:phonologyOf).

presentation feature en · trait de présentation fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/PresentationFeature

A relational, value-free property of a kind of unit in one modality. OPEN vocabulary, by modality.

presentation grammar rule en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/PresentationGrammarRule

One rule of an abstract presentation grammar: for one kind of unit (:appliesTo), the relational features that set it apart (:prescribesFeature).

pronunciation en · prononciation fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Pronunciation

A claim, attributed to a source, that a unit of the linguistic book is pronounced as a given sequence of phonemes: a narrator's reading (prov:wasGeneratedBy the reading event), a synthesizer's grapheme-to-phoneme front end (a machine reading), a pronunciation guide or lexicon. Not resident in a written book, which gives its text in graphemes; recorded where a form depends on it (the sounding book), and judged for orthoepic correctness.

Homographs (lead / lead; les fils / les fils) are resolved here, by the reading that supplies the pronunciation.

pronunciation lexicon en · lexique de prononciation fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/PronunciationLexicon

A list of pronunciations a sounding book is judged against: a narrator's pronunciation guide, a W3C PLS lexicon, a pronouncing dictionary.

punctuation mark en · signe de ponctuation fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Punctuation

A grapheme that structures sequences of words and sentences rather than composing morphemes. It always occurs in a sentence (dc:isPartOf), sometimes inside a word form (:inWordForm: the apostrophe of «aujourd'hui», a hyphen), and never in a morpheme. Its graphemic status rests on its function, not on the minimal-pair test, which does not apply to it.

Not all graphemes belong to morphemes: punctuation is the main class that does not. Replaces the v0.5.11 rule keyed to Anis's topograms (v0.5.12, after Haralambous).

reference en · renvoi fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Reference

A stretch of the linguistic book that points to a referent -- a :Location, or a unit of any extent up to the whole book -- and whose value is a function of it: 'see p. 42', 'section 5', 'section "Carrión and the book"', 'pp. 41-43', the number printed on each page. As with anaphora, the reference type selects which feature of the referent is rendered, and the rendered value must agree with the referent as laid out (:ReferenceAgreementShape). Anaphoric or cataphoric follows from the order of reference and referent and is derived, not asserted. A reference may stand in the text or in the peritext.

The reference exists before layout (\pageref, \ref are in the source); only its value waits for it. Cataphoric references are why LaTeX needs two passes; before computer typesetting, manuscripts wrote 'see p. 00' and the value was filled in at proof -- the same cataphora, resolved by hand.

reference type en · type de renvoi fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ReferenceType

Which feature of the referent a reference renders, as a pronoun's type selects the features it agrees in. CLOSED vocabulary: :ByPage, :ByPageRange, :ByNumber, :ByTitle. Some types are undefined for some referents (:ReferenceTypeShape).

scope precedence en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ScopePrecedence

One pair of a partial order on the members of a scope (:inScope, :earlierMember, :laterMember): reified because the same units may stand in other orders in other scopes. Where no precedence is given, the members keep the linear order of the text.

sentence en · phrase fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Sentence

A sentence of the linguistic book: the unit between the paragraph (of which it is part) and the word forms and morphemes it contains. Its syntax is left to the hara core; its grammaticality is recorded as a :LinguisticJudgement (v0.6.5), never stated by the ontology.

v0.6.8: also part of a list entry, a list label, a table cell or a caption, which often hold a single minor (verbless) sentence ('Milk.', 'Fig. 3. The press at Mainz', a number in a cell), so that every word form still belongs to a sentence.

staging en · mise en page (mise en scène) fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Staging

A consistent set of didascaliae for one work or one stretch of it (:inStaging). Several stagings may coexist when a fragment can be articulated visually in different ways, or when sources compete (author, editor, translator); a rendition realizes one (:realizesStaging).

strophe en · strophe fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Strophe

A group of verse lines, sibling of the paragraph: a division holds paragraphs, strophes or both (prosimetrum, the prose poem). Its pattern (quatrain, tercet) is a convention of a tradition; its set-off on the page is the visual grammar's.

subhead en · intertitre de section fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Subhead

table en · tableau fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Table

An annotating element always attached to a scope (:annotates), placed with respect to it by the abstract visual grammar like an illustration (:ScopePlacement), whose body is a set of cells (:TableCell), each a linguistic unit, ordered by several partial orders at once: the cells of one row by their column, the cells of one column by their row, the cells under a head by the head (:heads), row and column groups. No single linear order runs through it: a reader takes a path (along a row, down a column, from a head to a value), and a sounding book must linearize it. Recursive: a cell may hold a list or a table. Its rows are break points, so it may run over as many pages as it needs (:BreakableAcrossPages), its header (:TableHeader) repeated on each page (:RepeatedOnEachPage) to restore the column order to the reader who arrives there. It has a caption (:hasCaption) and is usually numbered ('Table 2': :ByNumber).

Linguistic, but locally (after Haralambous): no reader takes in a whole table at once, as no reader holds a whole book in mind. What sets a table apart from running text is not locality but the number of its orders. Which order is drawn across the page is the visual grammar's: a table can be transposed without becoming another table. Within the book, a table projects the order a dictionary projects for the whole: it is consulted, not read through (:ConsultativeReading). v0.6.9: directly under :AnnotatingElement (was under :DisplayItem).

table cell en · cellule fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TableCell

A cell of a table: a linguistic unit (often a minor sentence, a number, a word form), possibly holding paragraphs, a list or a table. Its place in two of the table's orders is given by :rowIndex and :columnIndex, possibly spanning several (:rowSpan, :columnSpan): cells sharing a row are ordered by their columns, cells sharing a column by their rows, and other pairs are not ordered by either. The names 'row' and 'column' come from the usual drawing; in the linguistic book they name two orders, not two directions.

table header en · en-tête de tableau fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TableHeader

The column heads of a table taken as one unit, read before its body. When the table runs over several pages, the visual grammar repeats it at the top of each (:RepeatedOnEachPage), as the running head repeats the division title: the reader who opens the table on its seventh page cannot hold the first page's column order in mind.

entry of a list of tables en · entrée de la liste des tableaux fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TableListEntry

An entry of a list of tables: an annotating element whose scope is one table, holding its number, its caption or a short form of it, and a page reference to it.

table of contents en · table des matières fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TableOfContents

List of the book's divisions; conventionally at the front in English and German books, at the back in French (a cultural convention worth representing); may attribute titles to untitled chapters, amplify (p. 317), or quote incipits (p. 317); parts take no page numbers (CMOS 1.38). Genealogically descended from the binder's register of first words.

tactile feature en · trait tactile fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TactileFeature

A relational, value-free tactile property of a kind of unit. OPEN vocabulary.

tactile grammar rule en · règle de grammaire tactile fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TactileGrammarRule

break en · blanc / séparateur fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TextBreak

A division stronger than a paragraph but weaker than a subhead, marked ornamentally or typographically (extra space).

title position en · position du titre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TitlePosition

CLOSED vocabulary: :InitialTitle, :TerminalTitle.

typographic break en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TypographicBreak

typographic tradition en · tradition typographique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TypographicTradition

A community- and period-scoped body of typographic convention. Tradition-scoped shapes are guarded by it, as pragmatic force is scoped to a community.

verse line en · vers fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/VerseLine

A line of verse: a unit of the linguistic book whose end is meant to be read and, in recitation, heard, unlike the computed line ends of prose. It contains word forms (dc:isPartOf on the word form), which are also parts of sentences: the metrical and the syntactic hierarchies cross, and neither contains the other. Distinct from the typeset line: a verse line too long for the measure is set with a turnover (two typeset lines), and a verset may take several.

Enjambment is derived, never asserted: a sentence that does not end at a verse-line end (a query over dc:isPartOf). Metrical conformity is a judgement (:MetricalConformity), rhyme too.

word form en · forme de mot fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/WordForm

A word as it occurs in the book (chantais, not the lexeme CHANTER): a segment of a sentence delimited by the word segmentation of its writing system (in French, spaces and punctuation, with the known hard cases l'homme, aujourd'hui), consisting of morphemes and possibly word-internal punctuation. Where the writing system does not separate words (Chinese, Japanese, Thai, scriptio continua) the segmentation is an analysis received from a segmenter, as morpheme segmentation is. Being a word of the language is NOT part of the definition: it is a :Lexicality judgement, so that a nonce word (slithy) is a word form judged non-lexical.

Interface class (see hara core). Part of a sentence (v0.5.11); its morphemes via :hasMorpheme. Definition by segmentation added in v0.6.6 (after Haralambous), replacing 'a sequence of morphemes some lexicographer has claimed being a word'.

writing direction en · sens de l'écriture fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/WritingDirection

The direction in which lines are written and read; a property of the inscription, not of the language.

writing mode en · mode d'écriture fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/WritingMode

A mode a writing system provides, between which a text or a rendition chooses: uncontracted and contracted braille. OPEN vocabulary.

after unit en · après l'unité fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/afterUnit

The unit the location immediately follows, at the level chosen.

annotates en · annote fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/annotates

The referent of a note: the passage (a unit) or the point (a :Location, where the callout stands) it comments on. A logical fact of the linguistic book; where the note is set -- foot, margin at the height of its referent, end of chapter -- is decided by the visual grammar, not by the note.

based on writing system en · fondé sur le système d'écriture fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/basedOnWritingSystem

Historical dependence of one writing system on another of the same language (Unified English Braille on print English), without subordination: the dependent system relates its marks to the language in its own way.

before unit en · avant l'unité fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/beforeUnit

The unit the location immediately precedes, at the level chosen.

chance resolved at en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/chanceResolvedAt

concerns feature en · porte sur le trait fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/concernsFeature

A kind of feature the didascalia directs, value-free: position, size, typeface, colour, orientation, timing on a screen, voice in a sounding book. Optional: the text of the didascalia is what directs; this property only indexes it.

didascalia language en · langue de la didascalie fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/didascaliaLanguage

didascalic attestation en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/didascalicAttestation

didascalic mode en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/didascalicMode

earlier member en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/earlierMember

encodes phoneme en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/encodesPhoneme

An IPA character in a written-out pronunciation encodes a phoneme, as a character of the text encodes a grapheme.

has caption en · a pour légende fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasCaption

has entry en · a pour entrée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasEntry

An entry of the list; an entry belongs to one list.

has hyphenation point en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasHyphenationPoint

has label en · a pour étiquette fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasLabel

has morpheme en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasMorpheme

has phoneme en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasPhoneme

Optionally, the phoneme individuals of the pronunciation, where the phonological system is modelled.

has reference type en · a pour type de renvoi fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasReferenceType

has scope en · a pour portée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasScope

What the didascalia directs, when :annotates (a single unit or point) is not enough.

has subtitle en · a pour sous-titre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasSubtitle

Relates a division to its subtitle, a second title subordinate to the first (v0.6.6).

has title en · a pour titre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasTitle

Relates a division to its title (v0.6.6, after Haralambous). A division may be untitled; a title titles exactly one division.

has typographic tradition en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasTypographicTradition

Attached to a myph (or inherited from its run/page/book): the guard on tradition-scoped shapes such as :IntramorphemicLigatureShape.

has writing direction en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasWritingDirection

has writing mode en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasWritingMode

heads en · chapeaute fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/heads

A header cell heads a cell: one more partial order on the cells of a table, independent of the grid (a spanner heads the column heads under it, and through them their values). What a screen reader announces before each cell.

hyphenated unit en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hyphenatedUnit

hyphenation variety en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hyphenationVariety

in morpheme en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/inMorpheme

in phonological system en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/inPhonologicalSystem

in scope en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/inScope

in staging en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/inStaging

in word form en · dans la forme de mot fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/inWordForm

A punctuation mark occurring inside a word form (apostrophe, hyphen, abbreviation point), without belonging to any of its morphemes.

in writing mode en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/inWritingMode

judged against en · jugé selon fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/judgedAgainst

The norm or resource the judgement is relative to.

judged property en · propriété jugée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/judgedProperty

judged unit en · unité jugée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/judgedUnit

The unit the judgement is about: a word form (lexicality, orthographic correctness, morphotactic well-formedness), a sentence (grammaticality), a verse line (metrical conformity), or, for a didascalic judgement, a rendition or a part of one (a typeset page or block, a made-up page, an observable state).

label kind en · type d'étiquette fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/labelKind

later member en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/laterMember

part of orthography en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/partOfOrthography

phonology of en · phonologie de fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/phonologyOf

point in word form en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/pointInWordForm

pronounced unit en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/pronouncedUnit

realizes staging en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/realizesStaging

refers to en · renvoie à fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/refersTo

The referent of a non-deictic reference: a point (:Location) or a unit with extent.

refines en · précise fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/refines

A particular didascalia under a general one: an instruction on one opening of the Coup de dés under Mallarmé's 'Observation'.

relative to variety en · relatif à la variété fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/relativeToVariety

The language variety the judgement holds for (a :Language of the :isVarietyOf hierarchy): a spelling may be correct in British and incorrect in American English, a sentence grammatical in one dialect and not in another.

scope from en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/scopeFrom

scope member en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/scopeMember

scope to en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/scopeTo

title position en · position du titre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/titlePosition

Where the title stands in the linear order of its division: before its content (the default) or after it. A fact of the linguistic book -- the order in which the text is meant to be read -- not of layout.

acceptability en · acceptabilité fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/acceptability

A graded value in [0,1], instead of a boolean one: a speaker's acceptability rating, a model's probability. A credence or a score, as :probability is on a correspondence.

break alteration en · altération à la coupure fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/breakAlteration

A change of spelling at the break, stated as a rule ('ck → k-k', German before 1996; 'ssz → sz-sz', Hungarian; 'ï → i at the start of the second fragment', Dutch). Where it applies, the grapheme string does not stay whole across the break.

column index en · rang de colonne fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/columnIndex

The first column the cell occupies, counted from 1 in the writing direction of the table's language.

column span en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/columnSpan

Number of columns the cell spans (default 1): a spanner head over several column heads.

didascalic text en · texte de la didascalie fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/didascalicText

The words of the didascalia, with their language tag; their language need not be that of the text they direct.

entry position en · rang de l'entrée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/entryPosition

The place of the entry in its list, counted from 1: a fact of the linear order of the text, which a number label renders.

has level en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasLevel

has title (string) en · a pour titre (chaîne) fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasTitleString

The title of a titled unit, the value a :ByTitle reference must agree with.

hyphenated form en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hyphenatedForm

The claim written out, with a hyphen at each point ('hy-phen-ation'); an altered spelling at a point is written as the regime writes it ('Zuk-ker').

hyphenation priority en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hyphenationPriority

1 for a preferred point, higher for less preferred ones: the boundary of a German compound before the syllable points within its members.

involves chance en · fait appel au hasard fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/involvesChance

The didascalia calls for chance ('scatter these words'). The procedure that carries it out is its encoding, a program in C_cont (algorithm, seed); the outcome is fixed in C_form. Conformity to such a didascalia can only be judged over several renditions.

is grammatical en · est grammatical fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/isGrammatical

Summary of the :Grammaticality judgements on a sentence; same caveat as :isLexical.

is lexical en · est lexical fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/isLexical

Summary of the :Lexicality judgements on a word form, for data that need no relativity. Not to be asserted where judgements of different sources differ (record the judgements instead), as :realizesGrapheme is not asserted beside conflicting realizations.

is numbered en · est numéroté fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/isNumbered

is optional reading en · lecture facultative fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/isOptionalReading

Whether the text presents the element as readable or skippable, the default reading path not passing through it: a conventional stance of the text towards its reader, not a claim about readers. True of every note and every contents entry, even one whose content the argument needs (a step of a proof, Bayle's notes): how far the argument depends on it is a matter of interpretation, recorded, if at all, in a reading event. A property of the discourse, not of the layout.

judgement value en · valeur du jugement fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/judgementValue

Whether the source judges the unit to have the property.

phonemic transcription en · transcription phonémique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/phonemicTranscription

The phonemes, written in IPA ('/lɛd/').

point offset en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/pointOffset

The number of graphemes of the word form before the point.

in force from en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/regimeInForceFrom

in force until en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/regimeInForceUntil

row index en · rang de ligne fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/rowIndex

The first row the cell occupies, counted from 1 (header rows included).

row span en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/rowSpan

Number of rows the cell spans (default 1).

script is distinctive en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/scriptIsDistinctive

Whether, in a writing system using several scripts, the choice of script is distinctive within a text (Japanese: true) or a choice for whole texts that changes no unit (Serbian Cyrillic and Latin, digraphia: false). Graphemes carry :inScript only where it is true.

stated value en · valeur écrite fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/statedValue

The value as written by the author when the reference is typed by hand ('see p. 42'; 'see p. 00' in a manuscript awaiting proofs) rather than computed. Hand-written references are checked by the same agreement shapes, and are the ones that go stale when a book is re-laid out.

uses word separation en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/usesWordSeparation

Whether the inscription separates words (false = scriptio continua). Word separation entered Latin c. 675 CE via Insular scribes and enabled silent reading.

attested en · attestée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AttestedDidascalia

bottom-to-top en · de bas en haut fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BottomToTop

Line (or, in a columnar script, glyph) progression running upward. Attested for several Philippine scripts — Hanunoo, Buhid, Tagbanwa — traditionally incised bottom-to-top on bamboo, and in bottom-to-top inscriptional and signage practice.

boustrophedon en · boustrophédon fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Boustrophedon

Writing whose direction reverses at each line, named for ox-plowing; allowed continuous scanning without lifting the instrument.

by number ('section 5', 'note 12', 'equation (4)') en · par numéro fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ByNumber

The number the numbering assigns the unit (division, note, illustration, table, equation counters). Undefined for a location.

by page ('p. 42') en · par page fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ByPage

The number of the page the referent falls on: for a location, its page; for a unit, the page where it starts -- a convention of the abstract grammar, which a house style may replace by a range. Undefined for the whole book.

by page range ('pp. 41-43') en · par plage de pages fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ByPageRange

The first and last pages over which a unit extends. Undefined for a location.

by title ('section "Carrión and the book"') en · par titre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ByTitle

The title of the unit, quoted. Undefined for a location and for an untitled unit.

centred on its line en · centré fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/CentredOnLine

contracted en · abrégé fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ContractedMode

Cells may stand for clusters of graphemes or whole word forms by the system's own rules (UEB, German Braille differ): a logographic mode.

descriptive en · descriptive fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Descriptive

A verbalization of a form perceived, generated by a reading event (prov:wasGeneratedBy) and scoped to it like a :Realization: what a reader says when asked what the page does. It closes the cycle: prescription in Λ, formalization in C_cont, fixation in C_form, perception in Φ, description back in Λ.

didascalic conformity en · conformité à la didascalie fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DidascalicConformity

Of a rendition or a part of one (a typeset page or block, a made-up page, an observable state): following the didascalia it is judged against. A judgement, not a shape: the didascalia is language, and whether a page 'takes some distance and weakens' is decided by interpretation. Value false = breach (the Cosmopolis printing of May 1897 against Mallarmé's layout of the Coup de dés; Lustra against the spaced 1913 printing of 'In a Station of the Metro').

English typographic tradition en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EnglishTradition

German typographic tradition en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GermanTradition

grammaticality en · grammaticalité fr · Grammatikalität de

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Grammaticality

Of a sentence: conforming to the syntax of the language variety.

hyphenation correctness en · correction de la coupure fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/HyphenationCorrectness

Of a hyphenation claim: placing the points its regime licenses for the word form. Judged where no claim of the norm exists to check the claim against (a word missing from the dictionary, a word the patterns misread).

initial title en · titre initial fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/InitialTitle

left-to-right en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/LeftToRight

lexicality en · lexicalité fr · Lexikalität de

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Lexicality

Of a word form: being a word of the language variety. A word form need not be lexical to be a word form (a nonce word such as Carroll's slithy is one, judged non-lexical).

marked by an indicator cell en · marqué par un indicateur fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/MarkedByIndicator

metrical conformity en · conformité métrique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/MetricalConformity

Of a verse line, hemistich or strophe: conforming to a metre (the alexandrine, the iambic pentameter). A judgement, not a shape: syllable count depends on diaeresis, synaeresis and the mute e, decided by interpretation; judged against a :JudgementBasis that names the metre.

morphotactic well-formedness en · bonne formation morphotactique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/MorphotacticWellFormedness

Of a word form: its morphemes occurring in an order the morphology of the variety admits. Presupposes a segmentation (:hasMorpheme, from the hara core).

number ('1.', '(a)', 'iv)') en · numéro fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/NumberLabel

orthoepic correctness en · correction orthoépique fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/OrthoepicCorrectness

Of a pronunciation: being the one its orthoepy or lexicon licenses. The spoken counterpart of orthographic correctness; a mispronunciation in a sounding book is a judgement with value false.

orthographic correctness en · correction orthographique fr · orthographische Richtigkeit de

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/OrthographicCorrectness

Of a word form: being spelled as its orthography licenses, i.e. being the member of its graphematic solution space that the orthography selects. Judged against a dated :Orthography (or a dictionary codifying it), so that the same spelling may be correct against one norm and incorrect against another.

prescriptive en · prescriptive fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Prescriptive

Written before the form, to direct it: the author's, an editor's, a translator's, a designer's.

print page number indicated en · page imprimée indiquée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/PrintPageIndicated

reconstructed en · reconstituée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ReconstructedDidascalia

once in production en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ResolvedInProduction

per copy en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ResolvedPerCopy

per display en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ResolvedPerDisplay

right-to-left en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/RightToLeft

symbol (bullet, dash, check box) en · puce fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/SymbolLabel

term (headword, glossary or description-list term) en · vedette fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TermLabel

terminal title en · titre terminal fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TerminalTitle

A title placed after the content it titles, read last: Debussy's Préludes (Genette 1997, p. 65); the end-titles of Greek papyrus rolls and codices (Schironi 2010); the explicit of medieval manuscripts.

top-to-bottom (columnar) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/TopToBottom

uncontracted en · intégral fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/UncontractedMode

Cells relate to the graphemes of the print system one by one, with indicators (capital sign, number sign).

book parts en · parties du livre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/bookParts

abstract visual grammar en · grammaire visuelle abstraite fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AbstractVisualGrammar

The abstract visual grammar in force for one book (an individual per book, followed by its encoded text: :followsGrammar): a body of RELATIONAL rules stating how each kind of unit, above all each kind of peritext element, is made visually distinct from the main text and from the others: a footnote is smaller than the text, set below it, separated from it by a rule or blank space, and runs on at the foot of the next page; a marginal note is smaller still and set in the margin level with its referent; a running head is small and set above the text block. Its rules hold no values (no point sizes, no lengths): they are oppositions, the emic level of the page, and a reader's recognition of a footnote rests on them. Keyed to the kinds of element the encoded text labels; drawn on the left edge of the digital-content corner.

A convention, not a function forms carry by themselves: scoped to a tradition, a period and a community (:inTradition) and sourced like any convention. This is how the ontology takes Spitzmüller's and Drucker's point that a decontextualized grammar of visual design is not to be had; a reader's competence in the grammar is Spitzmüller's graphisches Wissen. It serves twice, in production (encoded content toward typeset form) and in reading (recognition of peritext). Often no file holds it: it lives in style manuals and in designers' and readers' heads. v0.5.16: one individual per book; what it was drawn from (a tradition, a house style, CMOS) is provenance (:inTradition, :derivedFromSource). The level shared across books is the tradition, in the conventions, not the grammar.

BRF document (Braille Ready Format, braille ASCII) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BRFDocument

braille cell (placed) en · cellule braille fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BrailleCell

One placed cell of a braille form document: a myph whose shape is a dot pattern, its geometry fixed by a dot-spacing standard rather than by a font.

braille form document en · document braille formaté fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BrailleFormDocument

A braille file fixed to cells, lines and pages (typically 40 cells by 25 lines), with braille page numbers and print page indicators: the braille PDF. Its Unicode braille patterns or braille-ASCII characters encode cells, not graphemes.

braille translation en · transcription braille fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BrailleTranslationProcess

The typesetting of braille (Duxbury, liblouis): from the print text of the digital-content book, it applies a braille writing system and mode (contraction, capital and number indicators), breaks lines by braille rules, paginates, and writes a braille form file.

character string en · chaîne de caractères fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/CharacterString

A sequence of Unicode characters in the encoded text, e.g. the encoding of a sentence. Its sequence is recorded as a literal (:stringValue); the character types occurring in it by :containsCharacter.

digital book by contents en · livre numérique de contenu fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DigitalBookByContents

A digital item encoding the book's linguistic content symbolically (character codes and markup) rather than as an image of a page or a sound signal; 'liquid' text that reflows into the reader's vessel of choice.

directional run en · plage directionnelle fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DirectionalRun

A maximal contiguous span of text at one bidi embedding level, with one resolved base direction; runs nest to form the embedding tree the bidi algorithm resolves.

EPUB document en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EPUBDocument

encoded break prohibition en · interdiction de coupure encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedBreakProhibition

A mark of the digital-content book that forbids a break within a stretch: a non-breaking hyphen (U+2011, OOXML w:noBreakHyphen), \\mbox, CSS hyphens: none, OOXML w:suppressAutoHyphens on a paragraph.

encoded caption en · légende encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedCaption

A caption as encoded: LaTeX \caption (with its optional short form for the list of illustrations), TEI <head> (and <figDesc>) inside <figure> or <table>, HTML <figcaption> or <caption>, a Word paragraph in the Caption style (a label without extent, tied to its item only by adjacency). Encodes a :Caption.

encoded division en · division encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedDivision

A division as delimited in the encoded text: a markup element (TEI or HTML div, section) or a sectioning command (LaTeX \section). The encoded counterpart of :Division.

encoded hyphenation point en · point de coupure encodé fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedHyphenationPoint

A hyphenation point written into the digital-content book: a soft hyphen (U+00AD, HTML &shy;), TeX's \\- inside a word, an entry of \\hyphenation{}, OOXML w:softHyphen. It encodes a point (:encodes) of a claim attributed to the author or the editor, which overrides the machine's for that word form.

encoded illustration en · illustration encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedIllustration

An illustration as encoded: a LaTeX figure environment (a float), or an \includegraphics set in the flow, between paragraphs or inside one (a minipage, wrapfig); TEI <figure>; HTML <figure> or <img>; OOXML w:drawing, anchored inline or floating (:placementAnchor). Encodes an :Illustration; usually names an image file (:includesImage).

encoded list en · liste encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedList

A list as encoded: LaTeX itemize, enumerate, description; TEI <list type>; HTML <ul>, <ol>, <dl>. OOXML has no list element: a Word list is a run of paragraphs each carrying a numbering reference (w:numPr), i.e. labels without extent, and the list as a unit is reconstructed by the processor. Encodes a :List.

encoded list entry en · entrée de liste encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedListEntry

An entry as encoded: LaTeX \item, TEI <item>, HTML <li> or a <dt>/<dd> pair, an OOXML paragraph with numbering properties. Encodes a :ListEntry.

encoded list label en · étiquette encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedListLabel

A label written out in the encoded text: the optional argument of LaTeX \item[...], TEI <label>, HTML <dt>. Number labels are usually NOT encoded: the counter of an enumerate or an <ol> gives them their value at typesetting, which exists only in the digital-form book (:resolvedValue), as a page number does. Encodes a :ListLabel.

encoded location en · emplacement encodé fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedLocation

A non-textual leaf of the encoded tree, contributing no character to the text: a LaTeX \label, a TEI <anchor/>, an empty HTML element with an id. Encodes a :Location, or stands in for a unit (:standsForUnit).

encoded paragraph en · paragraphe encodé fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedParagraph

A paragraph as delimited in the encoded text (a p element, a blank line in LaTeX or plain text): a sequence of character strings, typically one per sentence. The encoded counterpart of :Paragraph.

encoded peritext element en · élément de péritexte encodé fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedPeritextElement

A peritext element as delimited and LABELLED in the encoded text: TEI <note place="foot">, <fw type="header">, LaTeX \footnote, \marginpar, \markboth, HTML <aside>. The label (:markupName) is all the encoded text knows of the element's nature; its look is left to the visual grammars. Encodes a :PeritextElement.

encoded reference en · renvoi encodé fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedReference

A reference as encoded: LaTeX \pageref, \ref, \thepage; TEI <ref target>, <ptr>; an HTML link. It carries a pointer (:pointsTo), not a value: the value is computed by the typesetting process and exists only in the digital-form book (:resolvedValue). Encodes a :Reference.

encoded table en · tableau encodé fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedTable

A table as encoded: a LaTeX table environment (a float), or a bare tabular or longtable in the flow, between paragraphs or inside one; TEI <table>; HTML <table>; OOXML w:tbl. Encodes a :Table; its cells are :EncodedTableCell.

encoded table cell en · cellule encodée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EncodedTableCell

A cell as encoded: TEI <cell> in <row>, HTML <td> or <th> in <tr>, OOXML w:tc in w:tr, a field between & in a LaTeX row. Markup is a tree and holds one of the table's orders: rows are elements, columns are found by counting cells, and spans (\multicolumn, @cols, colspan, w:gridSpan) make the count depend on the rows above -- the overlap problem of markup once more. Encodes a :TableCell.

grammar source en · source de grammaire fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GrammarSource

Anything a book's visual or sounding grammar is drawn from and that serves many books: a house style manual, a designer's specification sheet, a LaTeX class, a CSS stylesheet (v0.6).

grammar source file en · fichier source de grammaire fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GrammarSourceFile

A file a book's visual grammar is drawn from, shared by many books: a LaTeX class or package, a CSS stylesheet, an XSLT stylesheet producing XSL-FO, a layout program's style sheets. Not itself the grammar of any book: the grammar in force is the merge of its sources and the book's own overrides.

grapheme class en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GraphemeClass

Anis's (1988) autonomistic classification of graphemes by their role in meaning, cutting across the Unicode general category.

image file en · fichier image fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ImageFile

A raster or vector image (PNG, JPEG, TIFF, SVG, EPS, a page of a PDF) included by an encoded illustration. Its form is fixed before any typesetting, so it is drawn in the digital-form region: an encoded illustration is the one place where the digital-content book points across the border into fixed form before the typesetting process runs.

LaTeX document en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/LaTeXDocument

letter case en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/LetterCase

markup document en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/MarkupDocument

narration process en · processus de narration fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/NarrationProcess

An activity in which a human (or, for the generated book, a synthetic) voice realizes a book's linguistic content as recorded sound, producing a :DigitalBookBySound or, before the computer, a :SoundMaster from which :AudioCarrier inscriptions are pressed (v0.6); the sounding counterpart of :OCRProcess and :GenerationProcess.

The straight-vs-performed axis (Vieni 1976 to Katz 'we injected performance', Rubery 2016) is a convention contested in communities — sourced claims over the process, not a class of artefact. Its agent is variably named reader/narrator/speaker/performer.

OCR process en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/OCRProcess

Conversion of page images to machine-readable text; its provenance matters because the result is a deeply mediated image of a physical object, not liquid pixels.

PEF document (Portable Embosser Format, XML with Unicode braille) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/PEFDocument

plain text document en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/PlainTextDocument

scanning artifact en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ScanningArtifact

A trace of the digitization act left in the digital item (an operator's hand or finger, page curvature, watermark); evidence of the manual in the digital.

kind of scope en · type de portée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ScopeKind

What an annotating element is attached to, as far as its placement is concerned. CLOSED vocabulary: :LocationBetweenParagraphs, :LocationInParagraph (both narrower than :LocationScope), :ParagraphScope, :DivisionScope, :BookScope. The kind of a location follows from its neighbours (:afterUnit, :beforeUnit): paragraphs or larger units on both sides, or units of one paragraph.

placement with respect to the scope en · placement par rapport à la portée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/ScopePlacement

Where the visual grammar sets an illustration or a table with respect to its scope (:forScope); the counterpart of :NotePlacement. OPEN vocabulary. None of these is a float in LaTeX's sense: a float is one mechanism by which an engine applies some of them.

speech recognition en · reconnaissance de la parole fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/SpeechRecognitionProcess

Dictation: phones in the air, captured as audio, recognized as characters. The OCR of sound, losing the phonemic layer as OCR loses the graphs.

speech segment en · segment de parole fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/SpeechSegment

A stretch of the audio placed at a time offset (:segmentStart, :segmentEnd, in seconds): the myph of sound.

speech synthesis en · synthèse vocale fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/SpeechSynthesisProcess

Machine narration: a grapheme-to-phoneme front end (a machine reading, whose pronunciations are attributed to it) followed by synthesis with a voice applying a concrete sounding grammar. The typesetting of sound.

Unicode bidi class en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/UnicodeBidiClass

Unicode block en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/UnicodeBlock

Unicode character en · caractère Unicode fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/UnicodeCharacter

Bridge to the graphemics core: a coded abstraction over graphemes; the grapheme/character distinction is treated in the hara ontology.

Unicode general category en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/UnicodeGeneralCategory

The two-letter code; top groups L letter, M mark, N number, P punctuation, S symbol, Z separator, C other.

Unicode / ISO 15924 script en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/UnicodeScript

visual feature en · trait visuel fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/VisualFeature

A relational, value-free visual property of a kind of unit, stated against the main text: relative size, position on the page, alignment, separation, repetition. OPEN vocabulary: the instances below, and the note placements of §5.4 (:NotePlacement ⊑ :VisualFeature).

visual grammar rule en · règle de grammaire visuelle fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/VisualGrammarRule

One rule of an abstract visual grammar: for one kind of unit (:appliesTo), the relational visual features that set it apart (:prescribesFeature).

voice en · voix fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Voice

The font of sound: a synthetic voice, or the recorded voice of a narrator, by which speech segments are realized (:spokenWithVoice).

XML document en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/XMLDocument

applies to en · s'applique à fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/appliesTo

The kind of unit a rule governs: a class of the linguistic book (a peritext element class such as :NoteElement, or :BodyPart for the main text), used as an individual by OWL 2 punning, as :CodexBook is for affordances. The class is the element's nature; its properties (a heading's level, a note's callout) are the rule's parameters.

contains character en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/containsCharacter

A character type occurring in the string. Types, not parts: the order and repetitions are in :stringValue.

derived from source en · tirée de la source fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/derivedFromSource

A source file the book's grammar was drawn from; provenance, recorded when one cares.

embossed from en · embossé à partir de fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/embossedFrom

A braille volume raised, not pierced, by an embosser from a braille form file, or pressed from embossed plates.

fallback placement en · placement de repli fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/fallbackPlacement

Where the item goes when the placement the rule prescribes cannot be met ('at the head of the next page if there is room enough, otherwise on a page of its own'). Whether there is room is found by the typesetting process; the abstract grammar states only the order of preference and holds no value.

follows grammar en · suit la grammaire fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/followsGrammar

The abstract visual grammar in force for the book this encoded text is: where its global layout is decided. Not a property of :Book (the Expression): placement is not linguistic, and two editions of one Expression may follow different grammars.

for scope en · pour la portée fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/forScope

Optionally, the kind of scope a rule is for, when the placement of an annotating element depends on what it annotates (after Haralambous): an illustration whose scope is a location between paragraphs may be set exactly there, one whose scope is a location inside a paragraph at the end of that paragraph, one attached to the whole book as a frontispiece.

v0.6.9: range :ScopeKind (was a class named by punning, which could not tell a location between paragraphs from a location inside one).

Example. Three rules of one grammar: forScope :LocationBetweenParagraphs, prescribesFeature :AtItsLocation; forScope :LocationInParagraph, prescribesFeature :AtEndOfParagraph; forScope :LocationScope, prescribesFeature :AtHeadOfNextPage, fallbackPlacement :OnPageOfItsOwn ('on top of the first page after the location, if there is room enough').

has bidirectional class en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasBidiClass

The character's directional type for the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (UAX #9): strong (L, R, AL), weak (EN, ES, ET, AN, CS, NSM, BN), neutral (B, S, WS, ON), and the explicit formatting controls.

has block en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasBlock

The contiguous code-point Block a character sits in (Basic Latin, Arabic, ...). Open code list.

has case en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasCase

has general category en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasGeneralCategory

The mandatory normative Unicode property (U§4.5) grouping characters by software-facing role; its finality differs from the linguistic :GraphemeClass (e.g. the logograms &, @, % fall under Po, emojis under So).

has grapheme class en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasGraphemeClass

has narrator en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasNarrator

has parent run en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasParentRun

The enclosing run. Its presence is exactly what disambiguates 'L1 A1 L2': if A1's run has the L1+L2 run as :hasParentRun it is EMBEDDED; if the three runs share one parent they are SIBLINGS at a single level.

has rule en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasRule

has script en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasScript

The Script property (UAX #24); values are ISO 15924 scripts (Latn, Arab, Hani, ...). Open code list, not enumerated here.

in tradition en · dans la tradition fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/inTradition

includes image en · inclut l'image fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/includesImage

The image file an encoded illustration names: LaTeX \includegraphics, TEI <graphic url>, HTML <img src>, an OOXML relationship to word/media/.

points to en · pointe vers fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/pointsTo

The encoded target of an encoded reference: an encoded location, or an encoded unit where the markup addresses units directly (TEI <ref target="#sec5">). No target: the reference is dangling (\pageref to a missing \label, :DanglingReferenceShape).

prescribes feature en · prescrit le trait fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/prescribesFeature

produced by OCR en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/producedByOCR

run base direction en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/runBaseDirection

spans to en · s'étend jusqu'à fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/spansTo

The end point of a location with extent: a Word bookmark (w:bookmarkStart ... w:bookmarkEnd), a pair of TEI anchors. The pair encodes a unit referent by its two ends, keeping the extent a single LaTeX \label loses; a page-range reference can be resolved from it.

spoken with voice en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/spokenWithVoice

stands for unit en · tient lieu de l'unité fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/standsForUnit

An encoded location placed at the start of an encoded unit stands in for the whole unit, as a LaTeX \label after \section does. The encoding replaces an extent by a point: enough for a page or number reference, not for a page range, which needs a second location at the end. A lossy encoding, recorded rather than hidden.

synchronized with en · synchronisé avec fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/synchronizedWith

Alignment of a recorded segment with the encoded text it reads (EPUB 3 Media Overlays, SMIL <par>): not a production link, since the recording was produced by a narrator's reading, but the link that lets text and sound be highlighted together.

synthesized from en · synthétisé à partir de fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/synthesizedFrom

The encoded text a synthetic speech segment was produced from: the typesetFrom of sound.

visualizes en · rend visible fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/visualizes

The discursive property a rule makes visible, named by punning (:isOptionalReading, :annotates): the motivation of a conventional form. A tradition chooses smallness and separation to show a note's subordination and optionality; a reader who holds the convention reads them back.

for markup en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/forMarkup

Optionally, the markup name(s) the rule is keyed to when the grammar is bound to one markup vocabulary ('footnote', 'note[@place=margin]').

has code point en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasCodePoint

has canonical combining class en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasCombiningClass

The canonical combining class (ccc), 0-254, used by normalization to order combining marks (0 = not reordered, 230 = above, 220 = below, ...). The paper's '54 classes of combining characters by diacritic position' are the named ccc values.

embedding level en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasEmbeddingLevel

The bidi embedding level (even = LTR context, odd = RTL context); a child run's level is deeper than its parent's.

has numeric value en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasNumericValue

The numeric value of a character with a numeric property (Nd/Nl/No), as a string because Unicode admits fractions (e.g. '1/2', '3', '10000'); :hasGeneralCategory records which numeric subtype.

simple lowercase mapping en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasSimpleLowercaseMapping

simple uppercase mapping en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/hasSimpleUppercaseMapping

is isolate en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/isIsolateRun

True for a UAX #9 isolate (LRI/RLI/FSI...PDI), whose interior does not interact directionally with its surroundings -- the modern, recommended alternative to the embedding controls.

location key en · clé d'emplacement fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/locationKey

The key by which references find the location: the argument of \label, the xml:id of an anchor.

markup name en · nom de balise fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/markupName

The element name or command by which the encoded text labels the unit ('note', 'footnote', 'marginpar', 'fw', 'section', 'label', 'pageref'), with its discriminating attribute if any ('note[@place=foot]'): the label the abstract visual grammar keys its rules to.

prescribes numbering style en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/prescribesNumberingStyle

For a rule on a part of the book (:FrontPart, :BodyPart) or on a counted kind of unit: the numeral style of its numbering ('roman' for the front matter, 'arabic' for the body), which the typesetting process realizes as a :PageNumbering or a unit numbering.

segment end (s) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/segmentEnd

segment start (s) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/segmentStart

string value en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/stringValue

above what it annotates en · au-dessus de ce qu'elle annote fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AboveAnnotatedElement

A caption set above its item (the usual rule for tables).

above the text block (head of the page) en · au-dessus du bloc de texte fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AboveTextBlock

across the two pages of an opening en · sur une double page fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AcrossOpening

Set across the verso and recto of one opening, across the gutter (:spansGutter): the illustration is divided between two pages and still seen whole.

level with its referent en · à la hauteur de son référent fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AlignedWithReferent

Set at the height of the line holding the referent (:annotates): the marginal note's position.

alphagram en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Alphagram

A distinctive, meaningless-per-se unit combined in second articulation (members of alphabets, abjads, abugidas, syllabaries).

as frontispiece, facing the title page en · en frontispice fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AsFrontispiece

at the end of the book en · en fin de volume fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AtEndOfBook

at the end of its division en · en fin de chapitre fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AtEndOfDivision

at the end of the paragraph that holds its location en · à la fin du paragraphe qui contient son emplacement fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AtEndOfParagraph

at the head of the first page after its location en · en haut de la première page après son emplacement fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AtHeadOfNextPage

exactly at its location (between two paragraphs, or inside a paragraph) en · exactement à son emplacement fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/AtItsLocation

below what it annotates en · au-dessous de ce qu'elle annote fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BelowAnnotatedElement

A caption set below its item (the usual rule for illustrations).

below the text block (foot of the page) en · au-dessous du bloc de texte fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BelowTextBlock

AL — right-to-left Arabic (strong) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_AL

AN — Arabic number en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_AN

B — paragraph separator en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_B

BN — boundary neutral en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_BN

CS — common separator en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_CS

EN — European number en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_EN

ES — European separator en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_ES

ET — European terminator en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_ET

FSI — first-strong isolate en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_FSI

L — left-to-right (strong) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_L

LRE — left-to-right embedding en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_LRE

LRI — left-to-right isolate en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_LRI

LRO — left-to-right override en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_LRO

NSM — nonspacing mark en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_NSM

ON — other neutral en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_ON

PDF — pop directional formatting en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_PDF

PDI — pop directional isolate en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_PDI

R — right-to-left (strong) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_R

RLE — right-to-left embedding en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_RLE

RLI — right-to-left isolate en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_RLI

RLO — right-to-left override en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_RLO

S — segment separator en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_S

WS — whitespace en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/Bidi_WS

the whole book en · le livre entier fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BookScope

may run over several pages en · peut courir sur plusieurs pages fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/BreakableAcrossPages

Broken between its parts (rows of a table, entries of a list) wherever the page ends, over as many pages as it needs.

lowercase en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/CaseLower

caseless en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/CaseNone

96.13% of Lo letters are caseless (Han, abjads, abugidas, syllabaries).

titlecase en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/CaseTitle

uppercase en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/CaseUpper

in a typeface or style distinct from the main text en · dans un caractère distinct du texte courant fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DistinctTypeface

a division en · une division fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/DivisionScope

parts set apart from one another en · parties séparées les unes des autres fr

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/EntriesSetApart

Each entry of a list (each row of a table) set apart from the next by a cue: a new line, blank space, a bullet, a rule.

Cc — other, control en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GC_Cc

Cf — other, format (soft hyphen, ZWJ/ZWNJ, bidi controls) en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GC_Cf

Cn — other, not assigned en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GC_Cn

Co — other, private use en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GC_Co

Cs — other, surrogate en

https://www.librorum.fr/ontology/GC_Cs